ABSTRACT
In this work the
incidence of candidacies was studied using selected patients of Onuike general
hospital analyzed for the presence of candidacies yeast infection. The
specimens were cultured on seaboards agar and blood agar and subculture
isolated were Candidal. Aibicans, Candida.
Tropical, Candida. Knusei, Candida. Pseudoizo Pcals, Candida. paraknusei and Candida.
Stellatoides. The prevalence of candidacies among patients Onueke general
hospital was monitored in terms of the level of occurance and microbial types. Also, the prevalence of
this candidiasis infection was 40% sample under study.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Candidiasis is commonly
called yeast infection. It is a primary or secondary mycotic infection caused
by members of the genus candida candidiasis infection range from superficial infection
such as thrush (oral cavity) and vaginitis (vagina) to systemic candidiasis
otherwise known as candidemia. Candida species are ubiquistous, found on many
plants and also reside as normal commensals of the alimentary tract of humans (Williams
and Lewis, 2000).candida species include candida albicans,
C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. Krusci C. glabrata, C lucitaniac, C. famata,
C. Guilermordii and C. keytri. Candida albicans is by far most common candida
spices causing infection in humans (chan etal 1994). Some candola-associated
infections and diseases include arthritis,
endophthalmitis,meiningitis,myeocarditis,myositis (prescoit etal,2005).
Candidiasis is an opportunistic myeosis in which patients with
compromised host defences are successive to but which healthy people are
normally resistant to (Adeniran,2005). In imminokompetent persons candidiasis
is usually a very a very localized infection of the skin or mucosal membrane,
including the oral cavity (thrush) the pharynx or oesophagus, gastrointestinal
tract, the urinary bladder, or the genitalia (vagina, pennis)
(wash and Dixon, 1996). In immune compromised potential candida infection can
affect the oesophagus with the potential of becoming systemic, causing much
more serious condition called candidemia (Fidel, 2002). The growing problem of
mucosal and systemic candidiasis reflects the enormous increase in the members
of patients at risk and the increased opportunity that exists for candida
specie to indvade tissues normally resistant to mvasion, candida species have
emerged as a prominent cause of viginal
infection in the female population. The most common causes of chronic vaginal
symptoms are recurrent vluovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). In patient with RVVC
caused by candida albican host oral anti fungal therapy will break the pattern
of recurrence in many patents (Nyirjesy and Jefferson, 2001).
Candida species are used yeast-like organism that are part of
the normal flora within vagina area and in healthy individual do not produce disease .Candida organisms
gain access to the vagina human and secretions mainly from the adjacent perinal
area. Most women carry candida in the vagina at some point in their live
without symptoms or sons of vaginits and usually with a low concentration of
the yeast organism (Sobel, 2007). Approximately 30% of all vaginitis case are
caused by infection with candida species
(Adad et al, 2001). According to gynaecologist, candida albicans is
currently the most potential fungal pathogens in the female genital and it has
been identified as the cause of several disease including candida vaginitis and
vulvovagnitis (VVC) in women (parishand
Gsechanit, 1989. Women are particularly susceptible to infections with candida
albicans especially when they undergo stress including those due to poor diet,
lack of sleep, illness pr pregnancy Nwosu et al, 2007).
A
higher prevalence of vaginitis is more often seen in pregnant woman than in
those who are not pregnant; the high incidence of vaginal candidiasis during
pregnancy can be explained by changes in the hormonal status of pregnant women,
which results in an increase in glycogen store in the vaginal epithelium, and
by the depressed cellular immunity observed in pregnancy. The incidence
increase during the course of gestation. Previous studies reveal that symptomatic candidal
vulvouaginitis was observed in about 10% of pregnant women during the third
trimester. An even high incidence of
candidal vulvovaginitis (up to 90%) was
observed in pregnant woman who had been
vaginal carriers of candida albicans (Parish and Gschant 1989)
- diabetes;
- use of birth control pills, broad spectrum antibiotics, or corticosteroids (prednisone); and
- immunodeficiency disorders (HIV infection)
The fungus candida causes a vaginal
yeast infection. Your vagina naturally contains a balanced mix of yeast,
including candida, and bacteria. Lactobacillus bacteria produce acid, which
prevents yeast overgrowth. That balance can be disrupted and lead to a yeast
infection. Too much yeast in your vagina causes vaginal itching, burning and
other classic signs and symptoms of a yeast infection.
Overgrowth of yeast can result
from:
- Antibiotic use, which decreases lactobacillus bacteria in your vagina and changes the pH of your vagina
- Pregnancy
- Uncontrolled diabetes
- Impaired immune system
- Taking oral contraceptives or hormone therapy, which increases estrogen levels
Candida albicans is the most common
type of fungus to cause yeast infections. Sometimes, other types of candida
fungus are to blame. Common treatments usually cure a Candida albicans
infection. Yeast infections caused by other types of candida fungus can be more
difficult to treat, and need more aggressive therapies. A yeast infection might
happen after certain sexual activities, especially oral-genital sexual contact.
However, a yeast infection isn't considered a sexually transmitted infection.
Even women who aren't sexually active can develop yeast infections. In non-pregnant patients with a normal immune
system, yeast infections rarely result in serious complications. Even in
pregnancy, yeast infections usually do not cause adverse effects for either the
mother or her baby. However, when a patient is immunocompromised (for example,
HIV infected), yeast infections may cause severe gastrointestinal tract
infections and may even spread to the bloodstream. Blood-borne infections also
may occur in patients who are receiving long-term nutritional supplements. If
spread throughout the body, candidiasis can be a serious and potentially fatal
disease.
1.2 Statement
of the Problems
Candidiasis is a crucial disease
infecting majorly single and married ladies (women). Candidiasis has caused a
lot of problem in our societies this days because of how the nature of the
disease look like such as the discomfort it causes to people like itching which
causes a lot of embracement to people publicly. This thrust is a viral disease
that hinders the child bearing in married couples. Another problem with this
infection is that it causes frequent discharge and smell to the infected
person. The research study was basically to emphasised on the prevalence of
candidiasis among women (both married and singled) in the selected area of
study. This research is limited to some constraints such; the in-ability of
much information to back up with the present study; the hospital feel reluctant
to yield to demands which may be as a result of oaths or rule of medical
practice; the cost of transportation to the hospital from my home is also major
reason to be worried much about.
1.3 Objectives
of the study
The
broad objective of this study is to determine the occurrence and prevalence of
candidiasis among singled and married woman in the selected case study (Onieke
General Hosptial). The specific objectives are to;
i.
Determine the incidence of candidiasis
among single and married women
ii.
Identify the causes of vaginal thrush in
women
iii.
Outline the effect of candidiasis in
pregnant women.
iv.
Determine the antimicrobial sensitivity
pattern of fungal isolates involves.
1.4 Significance
of the study
The importance of the research study
(incidence of candidiasis among singled and married women of different age
groups) is to bring about the indebt knowledge of the diseases to the affected
women. This research also aimed at proffering solution to the trend of the
diseases in form of enlightenment campaign on the incidence of vaginal thrush
among them. The study of this research topic will provide more constructors
frame work to formation or creating a way of Eradicating the infection and also
help to educate people on the causes and consequences of the infection
(candidiasis).
1.5 Scope
of the Study
This
research work is limited to research topic (prevalence of candidiasis among
singled and married women of different age groups). The work was carried out
with the use the necessary material such as early morning urine, HVS swab
samples which was collected from those women vagina.
1.6 Hypothesis
H0 The infection (candidiasis) is more
prevalent in single women than married
women
H1 The infection (candidiasis) is
more prevalent in married women than in single
women
H2 pregnancy
is one of the factors that can change the pH or taking broad spectrum
antibiotics.
1.7 Duration
of the Study
The research will cover a period of 4
months beginning from May to July, 2016.